
In a nutshell ⚡
What is Tsuka-ITO?
- Braiding over the handle of the katana.
- Provides an ergonomic, non-slip grip.
- Silk, cotton, or leather.
- Different braiding patterns: Hineri Maki, Tsumami Maki, Katate Maki.
Or read on for detailed information 📚!
Tsuka-ITO or ITO refers to the silk or cotton string used to weave the katana handle, known as Tsuka. This braiding pattern, known as Tsuka Maki, is not purely decorative; it plays a crucial role in the weapon’s ergonomics and handling, providing the swordsman with a firm, comfortable grip.
Functional role of Tsuka-ITO
Tight braiding ensures a firm, non-slip grip, which is essential when handling the katana. The texture and tension of the weave absorb shocks and enable more precise control of movements. Traditionally, Tsuka-ITO is made by master craftsmen who adjust the tension to ensure that the handle is both comfortable and stable.
ITO Materials
- Silk: Traditionally considered the noblest material, silk is prized for its silky feel and exceptional strength. In addition to guaranteeing a pleasant grip, it excels at absorbing perspiration, making it particularly suitable for long katana-wielding sessions. Its ability to be dyed in a wide range of vivid colors makes it a preferred choice for those seeking both performance and refined aesthetics.
- Cotton: A more affordable alternative, cotton is nonetheless a durable material, offering a solid, reliable grip. Its high absorption capacity helps to keep hands dry, even under conditions of intense use. Although cotton braids are also available in a variety of shades, their longevity is generally less than that of silk, especially when used regularly.
- Leather: Appreciated for its robustness, leather stands out for its ability to offer a firm, durable grip. Less absorbent than cotton or silk, it excels in terms of wear resistance. Leather can be treated and colored to match aesthetic preferences, although it has the disadvantage of becoming slippery under wet conditions, which can pose challenges for certain practices.
Tsuka-ITO Braiding Techniques
ITO braiding, known as Tsuka Maki, is an ancestral technique handed down from generation to generation, perpetuating meticulous craftsmanship.
Tsumami Maki
Tsumami maki is a braiding variant distinguished by its complexity and refinement, often reserved for ceremonial swords.
Hineri Maki
One of the most popular methods, hineri maki involves winding the ito in a regular, symmetrical pattern, forming diamond shapes along the entire length of the hilt. This technique requires great precision to achieve a perfect balance between aesthetics and sturdiness. It is particularly prized for high-quality swords.
Katate Maki
Katate maki, often used for Gunto (Japanese military swords), is an asymmetrical weave that optimizes a one-handed grip. This technique, characterized by high tensile strength, was favored by warriors in medieval Japan for its speed and ease of use while guaranteeing combat strength.
Tatakemaki
Tatakemaki, similar to hineri maki, is often used for ceremonial katanas, adding an extra touch of elegance while maintaining a high level of durability.



Finally, some Tsuka are reinforced with Hishigami, small triangles of folded paper inserted between the same (ray skin) and the ITO. These discreet elements considerably improve the strength and longevity of the weave, guaranteeing better hold over time and increased solidity.
The Braiding Process
Handle braiding is a meticulous art. The craftsman begins by positioning the menuki (metal ornaments) under the braiding, which requires great precision to avoid any misalignment. The braiding is then carried out by wrapping the ito around the handle, taking care to tighten the fabric at each stage.
- Preparing the Tsuka: The handle (Tsuka) is first wrapped with Samegawa (ray skin) to create a textured, grippy surface.
- Fitting the ITO: The ITO is attached to the end of the Tsuka with a special knot to prevent it from shifting during braiding.
- Braiding: The ITO is wound over and under the menuki.
- Tightening and adjusting: Each section of the ITO is carefully pulled and adjusted to ensure even tightening.
- Finishing: The end of the ITO is secured with a final knot, often reinforced with glue to ensure its hold.
How to maintain a Tsuka-ITO?
To extend the Tsuka-ITO lifespan, regular maintenance is essential. Moisture and perspiration can weaken the material over time. We recommend :
- Wipe the handle regularly with a dry cloth.
- Avoid long exposure to heat and humidity, which can damage the fibers.
- For silk braiding, the use of special products can help preserve shine and texture.
Tradition and symbolism
Tsuka-ITO, which extends from Fuchi to Kashira, is not only a functional element, it is also imbued with symbolism. The way it’s woven can reflect the region, clan, or tradition to which the craftsman belongs. What’s more, the colors and patterns chosen often have a profound meaning: black and red, for example, symbolize strength and valor.